True or false: 30 dBm + 30 dBm = 60 dBm? Why does 1% work out to be -40 dB one time but then 0.1 dB or 0.05 dB the next time? These questions sometimes leave even experienced engineers scratching their heads. Decibels are found everywhere, including power levels, voltages, reflection coefficients, noise figures, field...
Published: Mar 22, 2021
This application note is about creating your own battery model for the R&S®NGM200, beyond the standard models provided within the battery simulation option NGM-K106. The main purpose is to gradually discharge a battery or a rechargeable battery using the internal QuickArb function. The discharge of the battery...
Published: Apr 20, 2021
When you think of temperature monitoring and critical components survey on a PCBA you may not think of Real-Time Clocks (RTC), but in addition to keep an updated track of the current time such device is able to provide much more information. Following the trend for product simplification pushing for functions...
Published: Apr 27, 2021
With improvements in switching figure of merit provided by eGaN FETs, the packaging and PCB layout parasitics are critical to high performance.
This white paper will study the effect of parasitic inductance on performance for eGaN FET and MOSFET based point of load (POL) buck converters operating at a switching frequency...
Published: Jul 24, 2018
Although not part of the PCI Express spec, nontransparent bridging is completely consistent with it and can support multiprocessor systems with only minimal software initialization efforts.
For PCI Express technology to realize its full potential as the interconnect solution for chip-to-chip and backplane switching...
Published: Jul 17, 2018
This white paper focuses on isolated digital interfaces conforming to RS-485, which continues to be the industry’s workhorse standard for data transmission. The paper provides an overview of RS-485’s common-mode voltage range (CMVR) definition, and explains how isolating a transceiver’s signal and...
Published: Jul 17, 2018
All electronic devices contain capacitive or inductive components that can cause a disproportionately high current while switching on the device.
From an FPGA to a drilling machine, virtually every component or device requires an inrush current that by far exceeds the normal operating current. To properly design the...
Published: Sep 23, 2020
This whitepaper discusses the factors that need to be considered when selecting rated currents of circuit breakers.
Thermal circuit breakers for equipment (CBE) protect motors and transformers against electrical overloading. The trip release of a breaker takes place with the deflection of a bimetal. This deflection...
Published: Jul 25, 2018
Safety, availability, and cost considerations can make performing thorough tests of embedded control devices using the complete system impractical. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation is a real-time test technique used to test these devices more efficiently. During HIL test, the physical system that interfaces...
Published: Feb 19, 2020
When transitioning from a traditional phone network to a voice over IP (VoIP) network, it is essential to recognize a key difference between the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the private data network that will be called upon to take its place.
The PSTN is connected to a massive battery array that allows...
Published: Jul 25, 2018
ECUs became a standard component in most vehicles. As a computer designed to solve a very specific problem, the ECU is a fundamental component in an automobile. Modern vehicles can contain over 100 ECUs with many different purposes.
This white paper explores different approaches to test automotive electronic control...
Published: Feb 19, 2020
Industrial safety has evolved considerably since its beginnings in the early 20th century. The number of injuries occurring on an annual basis typically is used to measure workplace safety; over the past century, this metric has improved dramatically. Some of the progress is the result of regulations; but it is also due...
Published: Jul 17, 2018
Any engineer involved with portable or handheld products knows that minimizing power consumption is an absolute requirement for today’s designs. But only the veterans understand the subtle yet important details that can stretch a systems’ battery life to the maximum.
In this white paper Lattice Semiconductor...
Published: Jul 19, 2018
VDSL (very-high-speed digital subscriber line) technology is similar to the well-known ADSL, and facilitates the delivery of information at speeds of up to 52 Mb/s. Standard VDSL deployment uses a frequency spectrum up to 12 MHz, whereas VDSL2 allows for up to 30 MHz as an option.
The capabilities of VDSL are...
Published: Jul 23, 2018
